Coinfection of monkeypox virus and HIV-1 in severe immunosuppressed people: a catastrophic outcome

Authors

  • Luana Vasconcelos Freitas Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas - São Paulo - SP - Brasil
  • Gabriela Queiroz Fontes Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas - São Paulo - SP - Brasil
  • Ivana de Oliveira Cotrim Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas - São Paulo - SP - Brasil
  • Wladimir Queiroz Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas - São Paulo - SP - Brasil
  • Giselle Burlamaqui Klautau Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas - São Paulo - SP - Brasil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5935/2764-734X.e20231232

Keywords:

Monkeypox virus, HIV-1, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Case report

Abstract

Monkeypox (mpox) is a disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). The first human case was recorded in 1970 and it's endemic to Central and West Africa, with few outbreaks reported outside the continent. In May 2022, an increase in the number of cases of the disease was observed worldwide, with a higher prevalence among homosexual men and proven transmission through direct contact, including sexual exposure. In this context, the association of mpox with sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV infection, was evidenced. The present case portrays the coinfection of MPXV and HIV-1 in a severely immunosuppressed patient, emphasizing the importance of the interaction of both infections in the clinical prognosis.

References

1. Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, et al. Human monkeypox: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019 Dec;33(4):1027-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001

2. Gong Q, Wang C, Chuai X, Chiu S. Monkeypox virus: a re-emergent threat to humans. Virol Sin. 2022 Aug;37(4):477-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.006

3. Kumar N, Acharya A, Gendelman HE, Byrareddy SN. The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus. J Autoimmun. 2022 Jul;131:102855. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102855

4. Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, Rockstroh J, Antinori A, Harrison LB, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries - April-June 2022. N Engl J Med. 2022 Aug;387(8):679-91. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2207323

5. Vusirikala A, Charles H, Balasegaram S, Macdonald N, Kumar D, Barker-Burnside C, et al. Epidemiology of early monkeypox virus transmission in sexual networks of gay and bisexual men, England, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(10):2082-6. DOI: 10.3201/eid2810.220960

6. Philpott D, Hughes CM, Alroy KA, Kerins JL, Pavlick J, Asbel L, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of monkeypox cases - United States, May 17-July 22, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Aug;71(32):1018-22. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7132e3

7. León-Figueroa DA, Barboza JJ, Garcia-Vasquez EA, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Diaz-Torres M, Saldaña-Cumpa HM, et al. Epidemiological situation of monkeypox transmission by possible sexual contact: a systematic review. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7(10):267. DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100267

8. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Boletim Epidemiológico Especial: MPOX [Internet]. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2023; [acesso em 2023 Dec 22]. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/variola-dos-macacos/boletim-epidemiologico-de-monkeypox-no-24-coe-1

9. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Anvisa aprova liberação de medicamento para monkeypox para uso pelo Ministério da Saúde [Internet]. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2022; [acesso em 2023 Dec 22]. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/noticias-anvisa/2022/anvisa-aprova-liberacao-do-medicamento-para-monkeypox-para-uso-pelo-ministerio-da-saude

10. Kaler J, Hussain A, Flores G, Kheiri S, Desrosiers D. Monkeypox: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, and manifestation. Cureus. 2022 Jul;14(7):e26531. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26531

11. Geldmacher C, Koup RA. Pathogen-specific T cell depletion and reactivation of opportunistic pathogens in HIV infection. Trends Immunol. 2012 May;33(5):207-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.01.011

12. Hammarlund E, Dasgupta A, Pinilla C, Norori P, Früh K, Slifka MK. Monkeypox virus evades antiviral CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses by suppressing cognate T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep;105(38):14567-72. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800589105

13. Lum FM, Torres-Ruesta A, Tay MZ, Lin RTP, Lye DC, Rénia L, et al. Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022 Sep;22(10):597-613. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00775-4

14. Rubin AI, Stiller MJ. A listing of skin conditions exhibiting the koebner and pseudo-koebner phenomena with eliciting stimuli. J Cutan Med Surg. 2002 Jan;6(1):29-34. DOI: 10.1007/s10227-001-0029-6

15. Joshi A, Rathi SK. Koebner phenomenon and pseudo-koebner phenomenon due to disposable surgical masks in the Covid era. Indian J Dermatol. 2022;67(2):197-9. DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_496_21

16. Ortiz-Saavedra B, Montes-Madariaga ES, Cabanillas-Ramirez C, Alva N, Ricardo-Martínez A, León-Figueroa DA, et al. Epidemiologic situation of HIV and monkeypox coinfection: a systematic review. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(2):246. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020246

17. Mitjà O, Alemany A, Marks M, Mora JIL, Rodríguez-Aldama JC, Silva MST, et al. Mpox in people with advanced HIV infection: a global case series. Lancet. 2023 Mar;401(10380):939-49. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00273-8

18. McLean J, Stoeckle K, Huang S, Berardi J, Gray B, Glesby MJ, et al. Tecovirimat treatment of people with HIV during the 2022 mpox outbreak: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2023 May;176(5):642-8. DOI: 10.7326/M22-3132

Downloads

Published

2024-02-27

How to Cite

Freitas, L. V., Fontes, G. Q., Cotrim, I. de O., Queiroz, W., & Klautau, G. B. (2024). Coinfection of monkeypox virus and HIV-1 in severe immunosuppressed people: a catastrophic outcome. Infections in Evidence, 2, e20231232. https://doi.org/10.5935/2764-734X.e20231232

Issue

Vol. 2 (2023)

Section

Case Reports

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Infections in Evidence

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The Copyright Transfer Agreement assumes that the authors are the legitimate holders of the copyright of the Case Report in question, without infringing any copyright, trademark or patent of others. In this way, they transfer all rights to this manuscript or any revision, version or translation of it to the Journal, including here the exclusivity of its eventual commercialization, provided that in accordance with ethical and moral precepts and relevant Brazilian legislation. All articles in the INFECTIONS IN EVIDENCE Journal are published under the terms of international license 4.0 of the Creative Commons Attribution, which allows users to freely read, download, share and adapt cultural and scientific productions, provided that due credit is given to the original authors and publication.
The Copyright Transfer Agreement also understands that the authors guarantee that the respective Case Report has never been published in another communication vehicle or scientific journal. Papers presented at meetings and/or scientific congresses may be published in the electronic journal INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN EVIDENCE - Case Reports, provided that they have not been published in whole or in part in their Proceedings or Annals.